Brian K. Sullivan and Naureen S. Malik (c) 2014, Bloomberg News. The coldest air in almost 20 years is sweeping over the central U.S. toward the East Coast, threatening to topple temperature records, ignite energy demand and damage Great Plains winter wheat.
Chicago’s high on Monday won’t reach zero Fahrenheit and may just hit that on Tuesday, according to the National Weather Service. New York City’s low will fall to 8, Washington will see 5 and Dallas’s low will be 19. Orlando, Fla., may drop to freezing at 32 degrees. For the East, Tuesday will be even worse.
Winter storms and frigid air add volatility to commodities trading and spot power markets. Natural gas futures in New York have surged 23 percent since Nov. 1 as the coldest start to the U.S. heating season in 13 years boosted fuel demand. Last week, as snow and cold gripped the nation, spot power for New York City jumped more than 11-fold in one hour, while wheat climbed the most since mid-October. This week, cities from Minneapolis to Pittsburgh may have record-low highs.
“It definitely looks like one heck of a ‘polar pig’ shot,” Kyle Cooper, director of research with IAF Advisors in Houston, said in a Friday telephone interview, using a term for a bulge of cold air out of Canada. “Models show it as quite intense and dropping down pretty far south.”
Hard-freeze warnings and watches, which are alerts for farmers, stretch from Texas to central Florida. Mike Musher, a meteorologist with the U.S. Weather Prediction Center in College Park, Md., said 90 percent of the contiguous U.S. will be at or below the freezing mark on Monday.
“Everybody’s energy bills will be going up,” Musher said. “I am sure there are going to be multiple records broken across a large part of the country.”
Tuesday may be the coldest day of the 21st century for the contiguous U.S., beating Jan. 16, 2009, said Matt Rogers, president of Commodity Weather Group in Bethesda, Md.
Freezing temperatures spur energy demand as people turn up thermostats to heat homes and businesses. Power generation accounts for 32 percent of U.S. natural-gas use, according to the Energy Information Administration. About 49 percent of all homes use the fuel for heating.
Along with the cold, snow, rain and ice will persist in many high-population areas. As of 4 p.m. Sunday, 1,217 flights had been canceled across the U.S., according to FlightAware, a Houston-based tracking service. Freezing temperatures in New York may have contributed to a Delta Connection flight sliding into a snowbank at John F. Kennedy International Airport, shutting flight operations for two hours.
Across the U.S., the natural gas-weighted heating degree days value for Tuesday is expected to be 47.65, above the 10- year normal of 29.9 and the 30-year mark of 31, said Bob Haas, manager of energy weather at MDA Weather Services in Gaithersburg, Md.
The last time such a high value was reached was in 1996, when it was 50.06, Haas said. Heating degree values are calculated by subtracting the daily average temperature from a base of 65 degrees.
“As far as power and energy demand, we will see those really skyrocketing Sunday, Monday and Tuesday,” Haas said Friday. “This will be some of the coldest air in decades.”
Roger said there’s a chance the value for the day would exceed 50.
Chicago, Minneapolis and Pittsburgh may set records, Haas said. The lowest high in Chicago was minus 11, reached for the last time in 1994, while Pittsburgh’s record is minus 3 in 1994 and Minneapolis was minus 20 in 1888, according to Haas.
The daytime high in Chicago is expected to be minus 10 and the wind chill will be in the minus 35- to minus 50-range, said Richard Castro, a weather service meteorologist in Romeoville, Ill.
“It’s really dangerous stuff,” he said.
While temperatures crashed in much of the central and eastern U.S. at the end of last week, dropping to a high of 14 in Chicago and 18 in Manhattan, this week’s cold will have a greater impact because most people are back to work after the Christmas and New Year’s holidays, said Michael Schlacter of Weather 2000 in New York.
Readings may be even colder than predicted because forecast models have trouble with extremes, he said. Areas in the East that didn’t lose their snowcover over the weekend may also have lower readings, Schlacter said.
In addition, wind chill is a cold factor that can’t be measured when looking at temperature alone, Rogers said. Wind chill alerts stretch from Montana to Maine and as far south as Texas and Florida.
PJM Interconnection expects power consumption on the largest U.S. grid to jump this week to the highest level in almost four months. Demand on the 13-state grid, which serves more than 60 million people from Washington to Chicago, will peak at 134,473 megawatts Tuesday, the most since Sept. 11, according to a Jan. 3 posting on PJM’s website and to grid data compiled by Bloomberg.
Electricity use in New York City will peak Tuesday at 7,682 megawatts, the most since Oct. 7, New York Independent System Operator Inc. said on Friday. Spot natural gas for New York City surged last week to the highest level in almost a year.
Teri Viswanath, director of commodities strategy at BNP Paribas in New York, said the cold wave had been priced into natural gas futures.
“As traders and investors return on Monday, our expectation is that prices will likely stay supported,” she said in an email interview on Friday. “As far as power and energy demand, we will see those really skyrocketing.”
The frigid temperatures also pose a threat to winter wheat crops in areas that aren’t covered by a layer of snow to insulate the plants, said Paul Markert, a meteorologist with MDA Weather Services.
“There could be some widespread winter-kill damage in northern Kansas and Nebraska Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday,” Markert said.
As the cold slices across the Great Plains, the East will see temperatures on Monday swing as high as 48 in New York and 51 in Boston.
Power demand and prices should stabilize or be somewhat lower on Monday in the Northeast because of the warmup, said Jesse Fitzmaurice, a Boston-based analyst for energy data provider Genscape. That will change the next day.
“We expect high natural gas prices due to limited pipeline capacity in New England to cause high electricity prices relative to the last few winters,” Fitzmaurice said.
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With assistance from Harry R. Weber and Jeff Wilson