House calls are helping Medicare save money

Looking to save money and improve care, Medicare officials are returning to an old-fashioned idea: house calls.

But the experiment, called Independence at Home, is more than a throwback to the way medicine was practiced decades ago, when the doctor arrived at the patient’s door carrying a big black bag. Done right and paid right, house calls could prove to be a better way of treating very sick, elderly patients while they can still live at home.

“House calls go back to the origins of medicine, but in many ways I think this is the next generation,” said Patrick Conway, who heads the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, which oversees Independence at Home.

In the first year of the experiment, Housecall Providers of Portland, Oregon, which had been operating at a loss, saved Medicare almost $13,600 per patient. In the District, the house-calls practice at MedStar Washington Hospital Center cut the cost of care an average of $12,000 per patient.

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Medicare reported overall savings of $25 million in the pilot’s first year. From that money, nine practices earned bonuses totaling nearly $12 million.

There are now 14 practices around the country participating in the project, including five run by the Visiting Physicians Association.

By all accounts, saving any money on these patients is a surprise. Independence at Home targets patients with complicated chronic health problems and disabilities who are among the most expensive Medicare beneficiaries. But a key study, published in 2014, found that primary care delivered at home to Medicare patients saved 17 percent in health spending by reducing their need to go to a hospital or nursing home.

In addition to Medicare’s usual house-calls payment, doctors in the Independence at Home project get a bonus if patients have at least 5 percent lower total Medicare costs than what is expected for a similar group of beneficiaries. Medicare keeps the first 5 percent of the savings, and the providers can receive the rest. The doctors must meet at least three of the six performance goals, which include reducing emergency room visits and hospital readmissions, and monitoring patients’ medications for chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma and high blood pressure.

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Under the law creating the program, practices could join only if they make house calls to at least 200 patients with traditional Medicare who have been hospitalized and received rehab or other home health care within the past year. These patients also must have trouble with at least two activities of daily living, such as dressing or eating. The providers must be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. They make visits at least once a month, more often if patients become sick or there’s an emergency.

“You never know what you’re walking into,” said Terri Hobbs, executive director of Housecall Providers. “This is a very sick group of people, with multiple chronic conditions, taking multiple medications, and [they] have a very long problem list.” About half the patients have some degree of dementia.

Yet the Medicare reimbursement for house calls is about the same as for an office visit, and it doesn’t cover travel time or the extra time needed to take care of complex patients. That’s not enough to persuade most doctors “to leave the relatively comfortable controlled environment of an office or hospital to do this sort of work,” said William Zafirau, medical director for the Cleveland Clinic’s house-calls program, which has 200 patients in the Medicare pilot and plans to add 150 more.

A house-calls doctor can see only five to seven patients a day. One reason is that a visit can take longer than an office appointment. After Zafirau examines a patient, he takes a look around the home. He may open the refrigerator to make sure there’s enough food or check to see whether supplies of medicine are running low. He may arrange home-delivered meals or other social services.

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“How people are functioning is often the best indicator of their overall health,” he said.

The care can also extend to other professional services. Housecall Providers hired a nurse and a social worker to serve as an advocate for patients who enter the hospital. When the patient returns home, they visit. “They make sure if patients are supposed to get an antibiotic, a hospital bed or oxygen, that they get them,” Hobbs said.

Hospital admissions dropped so significantly that Hobbs expanded these transition teams to serve patients who were not part of the pilot program.

A similar team serves MedStar Washington Hospital Center’s house-calls patients, said Eric De Jonge, director of geriatrics at the hospital and president-elect of the American Academy of Home Care Medicine. “When patients go to the hospital, there is very little contact from the primary-care doctor with the hospital care,” he said. Independence at Home “is actually pushing back to reverse that trend.”

Medicare doesn’t pay for the transition team even though Hobbs said it saves Medicare “a tremendous amount of money.”

Congress has authorized the Independence at Home program through October 2017, but some lawmakers hope to extend it nationwide. If not, Conway said, his agency will not be able to continue it.

Kaiser Health News is a national health policy news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.